![]() ![]() In many ways, Schlafly was deeply contradictory. Why did the Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 fail? Although the Senate failed to pass it that legislative session, Griffiths reintroduced it the following year. ![]() She also introduced the amendment on the House floor every year, but was unsuccessful until 1970, when Griffiths filed a discharge position that forced the legislation out of committee and led to the amendment being passed by the House. A former judge elected to the House in 1954, Griffiths worked to have sex discrimination added to Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and pushed the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to double down on its enforcement of the Act. Paul’s crusade in the 1920s was unsuccessful, but in the 1950s, Michigan Congresswoman Martha Griffiths took up the torch. “Once they got the vote, they wanted to get all the other rights that they should have.“ “It was an intentional exclusion of women from the constitution, because they were basically not considered full citizens who should have the right to vote,” Neuwirth says. Jessica Neuwirth, a women’s rights lawyer and a founder of the ERA Coalition, a current-day campaign to pass the amendment, tells TIME that suffrage advocates saw their work as remedying the intentional omission of women from the U.S. In 1917, Paul was sentenced to seven months in prison for picketing the White House, and was force-fed after going on a prison hunger strike.Īfter women successfully won the right to vote in 1920, the National Woman’s Party turned its attention to the next steps. The group used parades, petitions, protests and pickets to push for the right to vote. in 1910, she pushed American suffragists to try the confrontational techniques she’d seen applied in Britain, including civil disobedience.Ĭoncerned that the National American Woman Suffrage Association was too moderate, in 1913 Paul and Lucy Burns formed the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage, which was later reconstituted as the National Woman’s Party, and employed more aggressive tactics. But her life’s work really came into focus after she joined demonstrations for the British suffragist movement in the early 1900s. and the United Kingdom and earned an impressive number of degrees, including a Master’s and doctorate in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania, a law degree from Washington College of Law, and law Master’s and doctoral degrees from American University. Born to a New Jersey family of Quakers who highly valued education, Paul studied at colleges and universities in the U.S. ![]()
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